PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ŠIBENIK 12th–15th SEPTEMBER 2013 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ŠIBENIK 12th–15th SEPTEMBER 2013 IMPRESSUM NAKLADNIK / PUBLISHER Odsjek za arheologiju Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu / Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb ZA NAKLADNIKA / REPRESENTING PUBLISHER Željko Holjevac UREDNIK / EDITOR Dino Demicheli RECENZENTI / REVIEWERS Boris Olujić i Marko Dizdar OBLIKOVANJE I PRIPREMA ZA TISAK / DESIGN & DTP Srećko Škrinjarić TISAK / PRESS Tiskara Zelina d.d NAKLADA / PRINT RUN 300 primjeraka / copies Izdavanje knjige financijski su poduprli Ministarstvo znanosti i obrazovanja Republike Hrvatske i Zaklada Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti. MINISTARSTVO ZNANOSTI I OBRAZOVANJA REPUBLIKE HRVATSKE ZAKLADA HRVATSKE AKADEMIJE ZNANOSTI I UMJETNOSTI Copyright © 2017 Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Odsjek za arheologiju ISBN: 978-953-175-657-0 CIP zapis dostupan u računalnome katalogu Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu pod brojem 000966461. NASLOVNICA / FRONT COVER Nadgrobna ara Kvinta Rutilija Ticijana i Kvinta Rutilija Prokula / Funerary altar of Q. Rutilius Titianus and Q. Rutilius Proculus, Muzej grada Šibenika / Šibenik City Museum Urna vojničkog tribuna / The urn of a military tribune, Muzej grada Šibenika / Šibenik City Museum STRAŽNJA KORICA / BACK COVER Titul Aplina Bardurija, Pladomenovog sina / Titulus of Aplis Bardurius, son of Pladomenus Muzej grada Šibenika / Šibenik City Museum FOTOGRAF / PHOTOGRAPHER Tomislav Šmider P R O C E E D I N G S O F T H E I N T E R N AT I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E Š I B E N I K 1 2 th– 1 5 th S E P T E M B E R 2 0 1 3 Department of Archaeology Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb Zagreb 2017. Duje Rendić-Miočević sadržaj / contents Dino Demicheli PREDGOVOR / FOREWORD 8 Radoslav Katičić DUJE RENDIĆ-MIOČEVIĆ I ILIRSKA ANTROPONIMIJA 13 Nenad Cambj DUJE RENDIĆ-MIOČEVIĆ I KNJIŽEVNI KRUG SPLIT 19 Ivan Mirnik OUR PROFESSOR DUJE RENDIĆ-MIOČEVIĆ 29 Marin Zaninović ZAŠTO RIDER? 37 Aleksandra Faber URBANE ZNAČAJKE U LOKACIJI I RASTERU ARHITEKTURE ANTIČKOG RIDERA (DANILO KOD ŠIBENIKA) Vera Bitrakova-Grozdanova DASSARETES ET LYCHNIDIENS – NOUVELLES SOURCES ÉPIGRAPHIQUES ET NUMISMATIQUES Maja Miše THE HELLENISTIC WARE FROM THE INDIGENOUS NECROPOLIS AT GRADINA IN DRAGIŠIĆ NEAR ŠIBENIK, CROATIA Dinko Radić, Igor Borzić EXCAVATION OF THE NECROPOLIS OF THE KOPILA HILLFORT NEAR BLATO ON THE ISLAND OF KORČULA – PRELIMINARY REPORT Toni Brajković, Željko Krnčević, Emil Podrug HISTORIJAT ARHEOLOŠKIH ISTRAŽIVANJA U DANILU Marija Buzov LA DOCUMENTAZIONE ARCHEOLOGICA DEGLI SCAVI A DANILO CONSERVATA PRESSO L’ISTITUTO DI ARCHEOLOGIA DI ZAGABRIA - LE RICERCHE DI DUJE RENDIĆ-MIOČEVIĆ, GIÀ MEMBRO DELL’ACCADEMIA CROATA DI SCIENZE, LETTERE ED ARTI 49 69 83 105 121 135 Marco Hubert Campigotto THE PSEPHISMA OF LUMBARDA: A NEW READING OF FRAGMENT N 157 Kornelija A. Giunio A CAPTAIN FROM NICOMEDIA ON A GREEK INSCRIPTION FROM ZADAR 165 sadržaj / contents Marjeta Šašel Kos THE STATII OF RISINIUM 171 Bojan Lazinica, Dražen Maršić FOLLOWING THE TRAIL OF THE NEW LIBURNIAN CIPPUS FROM RAB. ARBA - NEW PRODUCTION CENTER OF LIBURNIAN CIPPI 187 Hrvoje Manenica TWO SUNDIALS FROM NARONA 201 Nikola Cesarik, Ivo Glavaš COHORTES I ET II MILLIARIA DELMATARUM 209 Tomasz Dziurdzik THE RELATION OF LATE ROMAN EQUITES DALMATAE TO DALMATIA 223 Manfred Hainzmann NAVALE,-IS: SCHIFFSHEILIGTUM ODER INKUBATIONSHALLE? ÜBERLEGUNGEN ZUR ANTIKEN BAUTERMINOLOGIE 235 Mirjana Sanader, Dino Demicheli THE EARLY CHRISTIAN SERVICE OF OSTIARIUS ON AN UNPUBLISHED SARCOPHAGUS WITH THE INSCRIPTIONS FROM ŠUPLJA CRKVA SITE IN SOLIN (SALONA) 253 Lorenzo Calvelli, Francesca Crema, Franco Luciani THE NANI MUSEUM: GREEK AND LATIN INSCRIPTIONS FROM GREECE AND DALMATIA 265 Ante Rendić-Miočević OPAŽANJA O NEKOLIKO NEOBJAVLJENIH ILI NEDOVOLJNO POZNATIH SILVANOVIH KULTNIH SLIKA 291 Ivan Basić DALMATIAE, DALMATIARUM: A STUDY IN HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE ADRIATIC (IN THE LIGHT OF THE NEW INSCRIPTION FROM CORDOBA) 309 Danijel Dzino SCULPTOR MAXIMINUS AND HIS IMAGES OF THE GODDESS DIANA AND THE GIRL LUPA FROM THE DALMATIAN HINTERLAND 335 Ljubica Perinić SILVANUS’ ATTRIBUTE FROM THE TRILJ MONUMENT 345 Toni Brajković RELIEF DEPICTIONS AND MOTIFS ON RIDER TOMBSTONES 357 sadržaj / contents Jovan J. Martinović MVNICIPIVM S( ) E/OVVERO MVNICIPIVM R( ) 373 Robert Matijašić ROMANISATION OF THE HISTRI IN THE EARLY ROMAN PERIOD 379 Inga Vilogorac Brčić THE TAUROBOLIUM AND CRIOBOLIUM IN DALMATIA 391 Phyllis Culham THE DEEP ROOTS OF ROMAN COUNTERINSURGENCY IN ILLYRICUM 6-9 C.E. 401 Ivan Radman-Livaja THE ISSUE OF PEREGRINE POLYONYMY ON SISCIA LEAD TAGS 413 Maja Zeman ROMAN ARCHITECTURAL COMPLEX AT STARI ŠEMATORIJ IN DANILO (RIDER) – THE ISSUE OF FUNCTION 425 Alenka Miškec MONETARY CIRCULATION IN ISTRIA IN ANTIQUITY: THE FIRST AND SECOND CENTURIES AD 449 Tomislav Bilić PRE-IMPERIAL COINAGE FROM SISAK 457 Iva Kaić ROMAN INTAGLIOS WITH INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM IN ZAGREB 479 Alexander Minchev UNUSUAL EARLY CHRISTIAN MARBLE CROSS-SHAPED RELIQUARY FROM THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF VARNA 487 Branka Migotti ROMAN SARCOPHAGI OF NORTHERN CROATIA FEATURING PECULIAR ICONOGRAPHIES 499 Jakov Vučić STONEMASON WORKSHOPS IN THE ROMAN PROVINCE OF DALMATIA DURING LATE ANTIQUITY 515 Bajram Doka ILLYRIAN LANGUAGES IN ALBANIAN DIALECTS 533 illyrica antiqua ii • In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević 413 Ivan Radman-Livaja THE ISSUE OF PEREGRINE POLYONYMY ON SISCIA LEAD TAGS Ivan Radman-Livaja Archaeological Museum in Zagreb Trg Nikole Šubića Zrinskog 19 HR-10000 Zagreb iradman@amz.hr Original scientific paper UDC 81’373:355.1:930.271](497.5 Sisak)"652" DOI 10.17234/IllyricaAntiqua.2.30 Duje Rendić-Miočević thoroughly studied the issue of peregrine polyonymy in Dalmatia, an anthroponymic practice observed among peregrines in other areas of the Roman Empire as well. The inscriptions preserved on the lead tags found in Siscia might also contain names which could be interpreted in the same way but one has to be very cautious when interpreting succinct inscriptions which were never meant to indicate the full nomenclature of the clients and craftsmen mentioned on the tags. Keywords: Siscia, lead tags, peregrine polyonymy Roman epigraphy has been among the favourite topics studied by the late Professor Rendić-Miočević, and many of his papers remain seminal works as far as onomastics of Roman Dalmatia is concerned. While dealing with Roman inscriptions in Illyricum, i.e. in Dalmatia and Pannonia, rather sooner than later a researcher will have to consult at least some of his articles. Unavoidably, when I was tackling the many issues raised by the inscriptions recovered on lead tags from Siscia, I had to rely on Rendić-Miočević’s studies of indigenous anthroponymy in the western Balkans. My aim in this paper is to discuss one issue he raised many decades ago, namely the question of peregrine polyonymy or, to put it more precisely, the possible presence of individuals bearing such names on Siscia tags.1 Those inscribed lead tags have been studied in several recent publications,2 and 1 A point I briefly pointed out in the monograph about Siscia lead tags (Radman-Livaja 2014: 134-135) as well as in the corresponding entries of the Répertoire onomastique (Radman-Livaja 2014: 156-287). 2 Radman-Livaja 2007: 153-172; Radman-Livaja 2011: 181-196; Radman-Livaja 2013: 87-108; Radman-Livaja 2014; Radman-Livaja 2016: 169-187; Radman-Livaja (forthcoming); lead tags from Siscia were occasionally mentioned in older literature as well, Brunšmid 1901: 124125; Mócsy 1956: 97-104; Koščević 2000: 95–101. I do not consider it necessary to elaborate extensively about them in this paper since all the information pertaining to these tags can be found in the bibliography quoted above, both in the monograph and in the papers dealing with more specific issues. Nevertheless, a concise outline may still be useful to the reader who does not have immediate access to the bibliography I refer to. The Greek and Roman Department of the Zagreb Archaeological Museum happens to have what is considered the largest collection of inscribed Roman lead tags in the world, almost all of them being from the same site, Sisak. In Roman times, the city was called Siscia and was a major urban settlement in Pannonia.3 While some of the tags were given to the Museum by individuals living in Sisak, most of the collection, by far, was found during the dredging of the Kupa river during the decade which preceded the beginning of WWI. The dredging took place in a rather limited area, where the harbour facilities of the Roman town were appar3 Mócsy 1959: 24-26; Mócsy 1974: 22-23, 112-114, 273; Šašel 1974: 702-741; Hoti 1992: 133-153; Koščević 1995: 1-14; Lolić 2003: 131152. 414 In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević • illyrica antiqua ii ently also situated. These tags are best described as small lead tablets, of a more or less rectangular shape, pierced with at least one hole in order to be attached to the merchandise with a small rope or a metal wire. They all bear inscriptions, usually on both sides, incised in capital letters or the older Roman cursive. Those inscriptions generally follow the same model: on one side, one can read personal names, duo nomina (only seldom tria nomina) as well as single names, often followed by a patronymic. It would thus seem that both citizens and peregrines are mentioned on those tags, and in some cases perhaps even slaves. The other side of the tag usually carries an inscription mentioning the merchandise, most of the time in an abbreviated form, as well as a price and more often than not indications of quantity or weight. The different abbreviations and words inscribed on those tags clearly point to the activities of the textile craftsmen, i.e. fullers and dyers. Cataloguing the personal names and finding analogies was quite a chore in itself, considering the vast number of names appearing on the tags, but the interpretation of names was an even more daunting task. At least 949 individuals were identified on the tags, but their number is likely even higher. There are two reasons to this assumption. We may presume that some personal names happen to be present on badly damaged and hardly readable tags, while some inscriptions may in fact refer to several individuals and not to a single person, a matter to be discussed in this paper as well. The names of most individuals conform to the regular onomastic practice in the Roman Empire. We encounter thus citizens with duo nomina (far more rarely tria nomina), peregrines bearing a single name followed by a patronymic, as well as a large number of people with a single name. The latter may have been either peregrines or citizens whose nomen gentile was omitted. Since these inscriptions are of a purely utilitarian character – not to mention the evident lack of space - mentioning the full nomenclature hardly mattered as long as the craftsman could easily identify the client in question. Thus, mentioning simply one name, be it a peregrine’s single name or a citizen’s cognomen, could have been adequate enough since everybody concerned knew with whom he had to deal with. Obviously, defining the true status of such individuals remains highly conjectural. While most labels clearly mention only one client, i.e. his or her name using either a full or incomplete nomenclature, some inscriptions quite obviously refer to several individuals (Table 1). Table 1. Labels whose inscriptions are referring (or may likely refer) to several individuals Nigellu(s) Caraelu(s) Calimenu(s) / P(ublio) Vartio Nigri (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 01.61) Satulus sarcivi(t) / Ausus (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 01.67) Lucus, Sabina / Quartinus (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 01.73) Niger Egirus Speratus (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 01.78) Pacius Speratus / Cavarius (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 03.08) Nigidiorum / Attici (a slave of the Nigidii?) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 04.18) Agatianus / Flor(en)tinus (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 06.01) Statia / (H)i(r)suta Cineae (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 06.15) Melo Savini / Breuco (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 08.14) Secunda Quartonis / Lia (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 11.19) Vanonis / Getulis? (Getulus?) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 12.08) Acuta Decio (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 13.56) Ulpia Muccena / Procellius (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 17.18) Atius Cratanis / Fortis (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 19.111) Marcus Deva (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 21.02) Dasius Apali / Cesii (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 22.36) Titi Vedi(i) / Nera (a slave?) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 23.37) Seneci Apri / Prianu (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 23.40) Pisiniis Prianu (a slave ?) / Unuavi (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 24.02) Dacus Celsi / Successi (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 24.13) illyrica antiqua ii Nigrinus Cinelius / Nigrinus Laet{t}us (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 24.19) Rutilus Nigri / Elpis Claudi (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 24.20) Lalos Lani Prianu (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 24.31) Valerius Pria (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 24.44) Dasius Batonis / pro Decu… (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 26.10) Policarp(us) / N.igella Vogitoctis (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 26.16) Eucar[is] / Tuscul[us] (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 26.18) Deivila Singarus (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 26.38) Moderatus / Salvia (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 26.42) Urbani Fulvinus (a slave?) / Andi (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 26.70) Ol(l)i(i) Gal(l)i / Viv(ius) Carp(us) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 26.71) Servanda Rufinu (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 26.96) Exsorata / Castalina (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 26.113) Atis Raia (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 26.145) When the scribe refers to male and female individuals together or when names, while written by the same hand, appear on different sides of the labels, presumably in order to clearly distinguish these individuals, one can hardly contest the assumption that several persons (usually two, sometimes three or even four) have been mentioned in the inscription, whatever their social status or role in the given transaction might have been. Nonetheless, not all of these names may be unequivocally interpreted. For instance, what about the tag cat. 26.96? Are we talking about a woman named Servanda and a certain Rufinu(s)? Presumably, if the final –s has been omitted,4 we should be in presence of one man and 4 Väänänen 1959: 77-81; Väänänen 1981: 67-68. • In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević 415 one woman. However, female names ending with -u are not uncommon in Pannonia, at least as far as Celtic names are concerned but there are a few known cases when Latin female names have been “celtised” accordingly as well.5 Thus, the inscription might actually be referring to two women, Servanda and Rufinu. On the other hand, could this just be one female individual bearing two names? As we shall see, it is a hard to prove assumption. While the aforementioned names may more often than not be unmistakeably interpreted as belonging to two or more people, there are quite a few cases when names are not following the standard nomenclature. Their interpretation is thus far from being unambiguous. At first, tags whose inscriptions mention what would appear to be peregrines bearing two names (double peregrine names) do not seem to be infrequent. Indeed, if we include even the most suspect cases, i.e. those where gentilicia and cognomina were quite probably inverted (Table 2), we could count up to 42 examples of possible – or not utterly unlikely - peregrine polyonymy. If we exclude people who might have been citizens with inverted gentilicia and cognomina, we are left with at least 32 cases (or 33 if we add the aforementioned cat. 26.96 - Servanda Rufinu) which could be taken into consideration regarding this issue (Table 3). Nevertheless, when one observes more thoroughly this list, one remark comes quickly to mind: some of the inscriptions could actually simply be referring to several different individuals (two clients or craftsmen associated to the business, for instance) and would thus have absolutely nothing to do with peregrine polyonymy. In this regard, most of the aforementioned inscriptions are actually rather tricky.6 5 Katičić 1965: 60; Lochner-Hüttenbach 1965: 17; Katičić 1968: 66, 74; Dondin-Payre 2001: 312; Lambert 2003: 61–62, 95; Matasović 2003: 12–13; Meid 2005: 251, 264, 322–323; Radman-Livaja 2014, 254. 6 In my opinion, the following cases are far from being absolutely convincing and may be interpreted in several ways (see the corresponding entries in Radman-Livaja 2014 - Répertoire Onomastique): 01.66 - Ce(n)sorina (H)irundina; 02.10 - Prisca Campana; 04.16 - Festa Fortunata; 08.25 - Speratus Capito; 14.22 – Ucco Tarato; 14.26 - Singinus Domnus; 17.11 - Mellio Tertius; 17.14 - Decumus Carserico; 17.24 - Sura Canio; 19.102 - Sura Vitalianus; 21.49 - Liana Nosta; 21.51 – Septima Proma; 21.68 - Crisa Pinilla; 21.82 - Matta Nigella; 23.02 - Bato Reg{g} ulus; 23.45 - Velucus Litua; 23.61 – Avita Campana; 23.79 - Vera Mata; 23.83 - Regulus Successus; 24.11 - Sura Pria; 24.18 - Nila Licana; 24.34 - Proc(u)la Urbana; 24.40 – Repentinus Afer; 24.44 - Valerius Pria; 26.13 - Quintus Capito; 26.59 - Primus Murcinus; 26.96 - Servanda Rufinu; 26.135 - Marcianus Sacer. 416 In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević • illyrica antiqua ii Table 2. Individuals whose gentilicia and cognomina were likely inverted (Plate 1) 1. Murcus Selius 6. Mamma Acutia (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 02.01) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 15.10) 2, Mammena Camaria 7. Tritu M(arcia) Pacuvia (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 03.04) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 21.101) 3. Mancita Agustia 8. Ceda Asidonia (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 06.16) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 23.80) 4. Scilus Quartius 9. Plator Asidonius (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 10.06) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 24.36) 5. Ava Leria (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 14.07) illyrica antiqua ii • In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević Table 3. Possible cases of peregrine polyonymy (Plate 2) 1. Ce(n)sorina (H)irundina 6. Speratus Capito (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 01.66) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 08.25) 2. Prisca Campana 7. Licaius Lirus (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 02.10) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 11.23) 3. Lecus Liccaius 8. Ucco Tarato (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 04.14) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 14.22) 4. Festa Fortunata 9. Singinus Domnus (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 04.16) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 14.26) 5. Batuna Daseria 10. Clora L(i)ccaia (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 07.09) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 15.19) 417 418 In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević • illyrica antiqua ii Table 3. Possible cases of peregrine polyonymy (Plate 2-2) 11. Mellio Tertius 16. Septima Proma (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 17.11) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 21.51) 12. Decumus Carserico 17. Crisa Pinilla (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 17.14) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 21.68) 13. Sura Canio 18. Matta Nigella (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 17.24) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 21.82) 14. Sura Vitalianus 19. Bato Reggulus (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 19.102) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 23.02) 15. Liana Nosta 20. Velucus Litua (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 21.49) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 23.45) illyrica antiqua ii • In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević 419 Table 3. Possible cases of peregrine polyonymy (Plate 2-3) 21. Avita Campana 26. Proc(u)la Urbana (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 23.61) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 24.34) 22. Vera Mata (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 23.79) 27. Repentinus Afer (was Repentinus simply of African origin?) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 24.40) 23. Regulus Successus 28. Valerius Pria (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 23.83) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 24.44) 24. Sura Pria 29. Quintus Capito (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 24.11) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 26.13) 25. Nila Licana (Liana?) 30. Liccaius Enio (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 24.18) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 26.14) 420 In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević • illyrica antiqua ii Table 3. Possible cases of peregrine polyonymy (Plate 2-4) 33. Marcianus Sacer 31. Primus Murcinus (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 26.135) (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 26.59) 32. Servanda Rufinu (Radman-Livaja 2014, cat. 26.96) The occurrence of double peregrine names, i.e. the issue of peregrine polyonymy (la polyonymie pérégrine, as the French call it), is not unknown in onomastic studies of the Roman imperial period. It is a particularly interesting phenomenon since it contradicts the principle according to which a peregrine normally bears a single name followed by a patronymic. While not widespread,7 it was nevertheless observed in several provinces. For example, it was studied in southern Gaul by several scholars, most thoroughly by M. Dondin-Payre.8 In Gallia Narbonensis the most common corresponding naming pattern consists of a Roman praenomen followed by a single name (which may be indigenous or Latin as well). Michel Christol made a list for Nîmes, i.e. Colonia Nemausus, where this practice is unmistakably noticeable among peregrines (Christol 1992: 22-28). It was not particularly exceptional elsewhere in Gaul, as witnessed by the names of potters from La Graufesenque and among the Bituriges, the Turones or the Aedui.9 This naming custom among peregrines may hardly be described as remarkably popular but it also appears sporadically outside of southern and central Gaul (Dondin-Payre 2001: 272-273). Peregrines could bear two names according to a different naming pattern too. Those nomenclatures with several, usually two anthroponyms - double peregrine names or “les doubles idionymes pérégrins”, a syntagm suggested by M. Dondin-Payre (Dondin-Payre 2001: 274) – were definitely attested, albeit occasionally, in Gaul, the Germanies, the Iberian peninsula, Africa, the Balkans as well as in Pannonia and Britain.10 To what onomastic pattern would those names correspond? Is it an individual single name combined with what might best be described as a family name, not necessarily in a narrow sense, rather as the name of a clan or a suprafamilial structure connecting several generations, a loosely connected group of people claiming descent from a common ancestor, i.e. a kinfolk? While credible, this conjecture is far from being absolutely convincing. Indeed, in many cases we may hardly assert that this naming practice belongs to an indigenous anthroponymic tradition,11 although it could nonetheless be a very likely assumption in certain re10 7 This might be a matter of discussion as M. Dondin-Payre points out the issue of epitaphs where names of the deceased appear in genitive, Dondin-Payre 2001: 274-275. 8 Dondin-Payre 2001: 268-283, 329-333; Dondin-Payre 2011: 180181. 9 Bourgeois 1995: 116, 135; Dondin-Payre 2001: 269-272. Rendić-Miočević 1948: 18-19, 33-43 = Rendić-Miočević 1989 : 632634, 643-651; Rendić-Miočević 1956: 45-49; Rendić-Miočević 1960: 163-171 = Rendić-Miočević 1989: 769-776; Wilkes 1969: 185-187; Rendić-Miočević 1976: 140-141; Šašel 1977: 369-370; Dondin-Payre 2001: 273-283, 329-333; Dondin-Payre 2011: 180-181; Dondin-Payre 2012: 12; Navarro Caballero et alii 2011: 100-101, 164-165. 11 Dondin-Payre 2001: 281-283; Dondin-Payre 2011: 181. illyrica antiqua ii gions. In Spain, for instance, local anthroponymic customs most probably played a role in the development of new onomastic patterns after the Roman conquest (Caballero et alii 2011: 100-133). D. Rendić-Miočević thoroughly tackled this issue in Dalmatia. While he based his research on the fairly large onomastic corpus of Municipium Riditarum, he could find analogies all over the province.12 As far as the autochthonous population of that area is concerned, he classified the local peregrine onomastic scheme into several patterns. While his monomial formula, further subdivided into the single name pattern and the pattern with the single name followed by a patronymic in genitive (either with the mention of filius,-a or not) corresponds exactly to the general practice among peregrines all over the Empire, he also identified a pattern he called the binomial formula. That binomial onomastic formula evidently consists of two names and does not appear to be related to the usual Roman anthroponymic practice for peregrines. In his analysis Rendić-Miočević further developed this binomial formula into several observable patterns. Firstly, one finds inscriptions with individuals bearing two names which would correspond to a binomial formula with a personal name and what would appear to be a family name, such as, for instance, Scenobarbus Tizius (CIL III 2775). Another related pattern is such a binomial formula followed by a patronymic (which may or may not be emphasised with the mention of filius,-a), such as Aplo Curbania Kabaleti f(ilia) (CIL III 13244) or Vendo Tudania Pladomeni f(ilia) (CIL III 2797). One sees also inscriptions where the peregrine’s single name is followed by a patronymic which consists of this binomial formula – i.e the father is named both by his single name and his “family” name (followed occasionally with filius,-a as well). The father’s second name was presumably shared by his child and did not have to be repeated in the inscription. A typical example would be Platino Platoris Tizi filia (CIL III 2788). Indeed, among possible peregrine bearers of two names in Siscia, or more precisely among such people mentioned on Siscia tags, there are undoubtedly Illyrian names, like Batuna Daseria or Licaius Lirus. A name like Lic(c)aius was not encountered so far as a gentilicium, despite being a rather popular Pannonian name (see Radman-Livaja 2014: 222 and corresponding bibliographical references), but we may wonder about this 12 Rendić-Miočević 1948: 33-41 = Rendić-Miočević 1989 : 643-649; Rendić-Miočević 1951: 43-45 = Rendić-Miočević 1989: 702-704; Rendić-Miočević 1953: 162; Rendić-Miočević 1956: 45-49; RendićMiočević 1960: 163-171 = Rendić-Miočević 1989: 769-776; RendićMiočević 1963: 273-277; Rendić-Miočević 1990: 482. • In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević 421 possibility when one reads names such as Lecus Liccaius, Licaius Lirus, Clora L(i)ccaia or Liccaius Enio. Nonetheless, most of the names we are studying in this paper are definitely Latin, like, for instance, Quintus Capito or Marcianus Sacer. As a matter of fact, the nomenclature of Quintus Capito would correspond to the naming pattern described by M. Christol in Gallia Narbonensis, a Roman praenomen combined with a single name. Decumus Carserico could be another such example. Although Illyrian anthroponymy seems certain or at least likely in several cases, one must acknowledge that Celtic and Latin names are common as well among these hypothetical double peregrine names, and one can often notice names of different origins associated together. One should also keep in mind that these inscriptions are not comparable to funerary inscriptions, for instance, or any other more common type of epigraphic monuments. These tags, as already pointed out, were meant to be used within a specific craft and due to their small size the inscriptions could only contain the most relevant data, i.e. the information about the goods and the service to be completed as well as the price. The craftsman also had to know to whom to return the merchandise but there was no need to strictly respect the client’s nomenclature, as one would expect for a funerary or votive inscription, for example. As a matter of fact, as long as the craftsman – in this case a fuller or a dyer - knew exactly who the client in question was, the way the client’s name was written must have been of little importance if it was recognizable enough for the person dealing with the tags. While people bearing unusual names could likely have been easily identified just by their single name or by their cognomen, clients with very common names, either citizens or peregrines, would have to be identified by writing down a more or less full nomenclature. In such cases, a citizen would have been called by his gentilicium and cognomen, while a peregrine could be identified by his patronymic or, if we accept the possibility of peregrine polyonymy in Siscia, by his two names. Since there are more than enough examples of double peregrine names all over the Empire, I have no doubts about the existence of this anthroponymic practice. However, one may wonder how widespread this practice really was and what were its possible origins. This is still an open question and it has to be analyzed very thoroughly, with particular emphasis on regional studies since peregrine polyonymy was most likely not a unified phenomenon in the Roman Empire. Even if we accept the possibility that all of the aforementioned individuals were actually bearing double peregrine names, 422 In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević • illyrica antiqua ii it must be pointed out that they represent a very small fraction of almost one thousand individuals mentioned on those tags. Consequently, one may hardly claim that peregrine polyonymy was very common in Siscia. This city is quite close to the border with Dalmatia and one might expect some anthroponymic influences not only because of the similar ethnic background of southern Pannononia and Dalmatia but also because of the likely presence of immigrants from Dalmatia. Compared to Dalmatia, there are not many known examples of peregrine polyonymy in Pannonia but they do exist.13 Thus, peregrine polyonymy would not be utterly unexpected in Siscia and while I am far from being convinced that all of the aforementioned cases truly belong to this onomastic pattern, I believe that this could be a likely possibility for at least some of them. Could this phenomenon in Siscia have been influenced by local anthroponymic traditions, like in Rider where it is particularly well documented in the local epigraphic corpus? While D. Rendić-Miočević’s hypothesis seems perfectly credible as far as certain parts of Dalmatia are concerned, in Siscia’s case M. Dondin-Payre’s opinion (originally referring to Gaul) could also be pertinent: this anthroponymical phenomenon should perhaps not be considered as a reminiscence of an ancient indigenous onomastic tradition but rather as a sign of Romanisation, a sort of adaptation of the peregrine anthroponymy in order to make it more similar to the Roman citizen’s nomenclature, composed as a rule of several names. Though, the most likely cases – one might actually say the least dubious ones – like Batuna Daseria, Clora L(i)ccaia, Lecus Liccaius, Licaius Lirus or Liccaius Enio, seem to belong to an anthroponymic tradition which could be qualified as Illyrian (in the largest sense of the term) and which would correspond rather well to cases studied by D. Rendić-Miočević. On the other hand, people like Quintus Capito or Decumus Carserico might have been immigrants from Gaul, if we accept the possibility that they are bearing double peregrine names (Radman-Livaja 2016: 174-179). When one look at the lists compiled by M. Dondin-Payre (Dondin-Payre 2001: 277-281, 329-333), it comes to mind that many names listed in our Table 3 could correspond to the same pattern. However, one must admit that not a single case of two names observed together on a tag from Siscia may be interpreted with certainty as an example of peregrine polyonymy. Even these few cases which are not utterly unconvincing could simply 13 Marinianus Ursicinus, AE 1988, 939; or at the very border, like in Nauportus, Pletoris Poteii Feucontis f(ilii), Voltae Lassoniae Plani f(iliae) and Pletoris Poteii Plani f(ilii), CIL III 10723; Oplus Laepocus Volsetis f(ilius), CIL III 3322 (he was not a native but an auxiliary veteran). be interpreted as citizens’ names as well, although it has already be pointed out that names such as Daserius and Lic(c)aius have not been confirmed as gentilicia yet. As far as other names are concerned, the simplest and the most cautious approach would be to consider them as names of two different individuals, and not necessarily as examples of peregrine polyonymy. Simplest solutions are often the best ones, although I would not entirely exclude the possibility that at least some of these names could actually have belonged to a single individual. If so, the question if this nomenclature is due to local onomastic traditions or is more closely related to the adaptation of indigenous nomenclature to Roman patterns has to remain open to debate. In fact, in order to reach any sound conclusion, each of the 30 odd cases documented on Siscia tags would have to be studied exhaustively, something I could not do in this necessarily short overview. Nonetheless, even in that case, the conclusions would have to remain highly conjectural. SAŽETAK PROBLEM PEREGRINSKE POLIONIMIJE NA OLOVNIM TESERAMA IZ SISCIJE Duje Rendić-Miočević posvetio je u svojim radovima veliku pažnju proučavanju peregrinske polionimije u provinciji Dalmaciji, inače antroponimijskom običaju koji se može pratiti među peregrinima i u drugim dijelovima Rimskog carstva. Na natpisima sačuvanima na sisačkim olovnim teserama nalaze se također i imena koja bi se tako mogla interpretirati, no pri tome treba biti vrlo oprezan. Riječ je, naime, o vrlo kratkim porukama gdje nije bilo nikakve potrebe izložiti cjelovitu nomenklaturu klijenata i obrtnika koji se spominju na teserama. Ključne riječi: Siscija, olovne tesere, peregrinska polionimija illyrica antiqua ii BIBLIOGRAPHY Bourgeois 1995 A. Bourgeois, L’empreinte de Rome dans les Gaules: l’apport de la Graufesenque, Cahiers du Centre Glotz 6, Paris 1995, 103-138. Brunšmid 1901 J. 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